Chapter 1

Paul identifies himself and describes an aspect of the gospel in the opening of this letter to those in Rome. He describes his longing to have visited them, the way he’s been prevented, and his prayers for his readers. Paul makes clear his intention to bring the gospel to Greeks and non-Greeks (Gentiles and Jews). He writes that the gospel is the power of God that brings salvation to all who believe. Paul points out that God’s wrath is currently being revealed on the earth against sinful humanity.

Chapter 2

His readers have no excuse because they pass judgment on others and thus judge themselves. Paul writes that God’s judgment is righteous and he shows no favoritism neither to Jews or Gentiles. One group sins apart from the law and the other sins under the law. Both groups have God’s judgment on them. Paul then focuses on the Jews and their application of the law—specifically on circumcision.

Chapter 3

Paul reminds his readers that God is faithful and righteous. He teaches that the Jews do not have an advantage because both Jews and Gentiles alike are unrighteous in all they do. Paul writes that God’s righteousness has been made known apart from the law. This righteousness is found in the Messiah Jesus.

Chapter 4

Paul supports his teaching by pointing out that Abraham was justified—declared righteous—apart from the law. His righteousness was through believing God—faith. Against all hope Abraham—in hope—believed what God had told him he was going to do. Paul writes that this same belief, justification, and righteousness is found by those who believe in Jesus.